HMGB1 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: However, VS showed more broader effects, not only by restoring the levels of GFAP and decreasing vimentin and Cx43 expression, but also by downregulating S100B and HMGB1 levels, corroborating its anti-inflammatory properties previously observed in microglial models of ALS (Vaz et al., 2019) and Alzheimer’s disease (Falcão et al., 2017).