The highest magnitudes of association are seen with SNVs in ARID5B, IKZF1, CEBPE, GATA3, and CDK2NA; smaller associations are seen for SNVs in COMMD3/BMI1 and PIP4K2A. Recent data from studies, which have examined ALL by cytogenetic or molecular subtypes, have found heterogeneity in associations with birth weight and SNVs. This evidence concerns the gene PIP4K2A and acute lymphoblastic leukemia.