IRF4 and neoplasm: Inspired by this knowledge, our study further explored and revealed novel immune signatures in patients with Pan-NETs, including IL-16, CXCL9, CCL19, IRF4, and MUC1 expression profiles, which strengthen the evidence regarding the accumulation of tumor-induced cytokines, chemokines, immune-related regulatory factors, and glycoprotein antigens in Pan-NET tissues (30, 31).