Compared to HV, pro-IL-1ß production was significantly increased following stimulation with LPS + ATP (p < 0.0001) and LPS alone (p = 0.0003), as well as ATP (p = 0.03) and Nigericin (p = 0.005) in IPF (Figure 1D). This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.