IAPP and Insulin resistance: In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that β-cells activate the UPR following exposure to high glucose (33, 34); fatty acids - especially when saturated (35, 36); increased functional demand (as in the context of insulin resistance) (37, 38); or insulin and islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) misfolding/aggregation (39–41) (Figure 1).