INS and Anxiety: For instance, 4- to 5-month-old APP/PS1 transgenic mice treated with IN insulin for 6 weeks presented enhanced memory performance and decreased anxiety-like behavior, along with improved histopathological signs such as decreased levels of soluble Aβ and Aβ plaques in the hippocampus and cortex, insulin-signaling rescue and enhanced hippocampal neurogenesis in relation to vehicle-treated mice (Mao et al., 2016).