CD274 and neoplasm: Here, we assessed PD-L1 expression using the tumor proportion score (TPS), i.e., the percentage of PD-L1 positive tumor cells compared with all vital tumor cells (Li et al. 2017; Neuman et al. 2016; Roge et al. 2017) to assess PD-L1 expression in gliomas, and thus to evaluate the feasibility of PD-L1 inhibitors in highly aggressive brain tumors.