TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a pleiotropic proinflammatory cytokine, which is involved in pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (Schwabe and Brenner, 2006) and present at high levels in serum and tissues of CRC patients (Stanilov et al., 2014; Al Obeed et al., 2014).