TGFB1 and liver dysplastic nodule: Risk factors for the occurrence and development of DN include increased inflammation, oxidation markers, AGEs, ROS, elevated levels of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), elevated PKC levels, abnormal polyol metabolism, uric acid levels, a long history of DM, age at diagnosis, race, systemic or glomerular hypertension, proteinuria, genetic susceptibility, insulin resistance, and diet composition (69, 71).