NFKB1 and infection: Infection with T. gondii type II strains also leads to an increase in host NF-κB signaling, and recent work showed that activation of the NF-κB pathway is achieved via the interaction between the effector protein GRA15, which is secreted into the PV and localized to the PVM, and TNF receptor-associated factors (TRAFs), adaptor proteins that function upstream of the NF-(κB transcription factor (Sangaré et al., 2019).