By examining the activation and costimulatory markers CD40, CD80 and CD86 as well as the migration marker CD62L, we were able to show that the AML-patient pDCs express less CD62L (Figure 1B) and that they are less responsive in general to R848 than healthy-donor pDCs (Figure 1D versus Figure 1C). The gene discussed is CD40; the disease is acute myeloid leukemia.