TNF and atherosclerosis: Fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis, the HIF-1 signaling pathway, and the TNF signaling pathway are primarily involved in the secretion of proinflammatory factors, matrix degradation, angiogenesis, regulation of vascular tone, leucocyte recruitment, and cell adhesion, which are a series of inflammation-related events that eventually lead to vasculopathy, such as atherosclerosis.