Moreover, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), TGF-β1 and bleomycin (BLM), the chemicals that can cause pulmonary fibrosis (Brass et al., 2008), were used to induce IPF in a swiss-3T6 cell model and an animal model in this experiment, respectively. Here, TGFB1 is linked to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.