The loss of lung function in patients with COPD and emphysema is associated with a high percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes that express receptors CCR5 and CXCR3, but not CCR3 or CCR4 (both markers of T helper one cells) (Grumelli et al., 2004). This evidence concerns the gene CXCR3 and pulmonary emphysema.