Nevertheless, there were probably hundreds of miRNAs that are upregulated or downregulated in COPD (Ezzie et al., 2012; Osei et al., 2015; Sato et al., 2015; Szymczak et al., 2016; Conickx et al., 2017; Keller et al., 2018), and the aim of the present study was only to examine those that could modulate the CCL3/CCR5 axis. This evidence concerns the gene CCL3 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.