TNF and cancer: Moreover, compared with the control groups (PBS, heat-killed Salmonella, and non-pathogenic Escherichia coli strain DH10B), only live Salmonella YB1 cells were capable of effectively suppressing cancer cell metastasis and inducing strong cytokine responses such as IL-6, IL-12p70, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-18, and IFN-γ (Fig. 3a, b).