Surprisingly, tumor sections stained for epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers22 showed elevated expression of vimentin and downregulated E-cadherin at 54 h post infection, which was restored by day 7 (Supplementary Fig. 2), suggesting Salmonella YB1 treatment may even induce EMT within a short period of time, rather than inhibit EMT. This evidence concerns the gene VIM and infection.