CCL2 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: As previously mentioned, in T2D and meta-inflammation conditions, elevated FFA levels lead to TLR-4 activation [57], as well as several signal transduction cascades, consequently, the activation of NF-ҠB dimer and expressions of specific target genes in the nucleus [58], such as MCP-1, IL-6, and other pro-inflammatory cytokines, resulted in IR [57].