Using Western blotting, we further found increased concentrations of pSmad2 (pSmad2/β-actin(%): 14.03 ± 2.97, 23.50 ± 2.51, 28.26 ± 2.48, 20.85 ± 2.34 and 15.06 ± 2.59 in the Sham, 1 day, 3 day, 7 day and 28 day groups, respectively) and TGF-β1 (TGF-β1/β-actin(%): 50.13 ± 4.34, 45.40 ± 4.13, 67.15 ± 4.56, 62.10 ± 3.93 and 45.40 ± 7.46 in the Sham, 1 day, 3 day, 7 day and 28 day groups, respectively) following CCH (Fig. 7d–f). Here, TGFB1 is linked to columnar cell hyperplasia of the breast.