TNF and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Other investigators have shown previously that 27-nm nanogold functionalized with TNF (called CYT-6091) can suppress tumor perfusion and increase the antitumor effects of chemotherapy in murine models of mammary carcinoma and in genetically engineered mice with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, when administered at doses equivalent to 3–5 μg of bioactive TNF [42, 43].