Therefore, our novel finding that membrane expression of cavin-1 and cavin-4 is severely decreased in dystrophin-deficient cardiomyocytes suggests that one or more caveolar functions affecting cardio-protection, cellular homeostasis, cardiac contraction and/or conduction might be impaired in DMD cardiomyopathy (21,23). The gene discussed is DMD; the disease is Duchenne muscular dystrophy.