CD86 and cancer: Repeated exposure to mitazalimab resulted in reduced numbers of circulating B cells (Fig. 1d), and upregulation of CD86 on remaining B cells (Fig. 1e), which correlates with observations in blood samples obtained from cancer patients that had undergone treatment with mitazalimab [18, 19], as well as other anti-CD40 antibodies evaluated in a clinical setting [21–24].