MR1 and glioma: On the one hand, MR1 recognition by MR1T cells was recently found to promote antitumor effects via tumor-antigen or metabolic product presentation by MR119,36; however, on the other hand, anti-cytotoxic effects in tumors have been shown with other nonclassical MHC class I members by the downregulation of NK cell activity.18,37 The bimodal role of MR1 and T-cell interaction needs further elucidation and the role of this axis in glioma needs to be investigated.