TGFB1 and neoplasm: TGF-β1 role in heart development is well described, where it is the main mediator of the EMT process needed to generate cardiac cells to populate the developing heart,57 but in aged mammals TGF-β1 mediated endothelial to mesenchymal transition is responsible of negative vein graft remodeling,28 cardiac fibrosis166,167 [Figs. 5(a)–5(e)], as well as tumor development and progression via EMT.168