Next, we compared the frequency of ten canonical oncogenic pathways commonly altered in cancer (RTK-RAS, p53, cell cycle, β-catenin/Wnt, PI-3-Kinase/Akt, Notch, TGFβ signaling, Myc, Hippo and Nrf2, as described in15) in controls and carcinomas-muc. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and cancer.