ZC3HAV1 and infection: While both ZAP isoforms, ZAP-S and ZAP-L, restricted HCMV infection in our study, recent studies propose diverse functions for one or the other isoform during infection with different viruses, for example, the DNA virus modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) (27) and Sindbis virus (SINV), an RNA alphavirus (17, 31).