TNF and congenital rubella syndrome: In a very meaningful study, researchers used 14 different inflammatory markers for hierarchical cluster analysis to determine the putative inflammatory endotype of CRS, and identified ten different clusters, including eosinophils and T helper-(Th) 2 related markers such as interleukin (IL)-5 and immunoglobulin E (IgE), neutrophils, or proinflammatory mediators such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and myeloperoxidase; Th17/Th22 markers such as IL-17A, IL-22, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α); and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) [24].