More specifically, Çomoğlu [21] found in the TF a doubling of the TNF-α protein level, a biomarker of neuroinflammation, in a cohort of 17 PD patients compared with 17 control subjects, and Hamm-Alvarez [22] found in the TF of PD patients (84 PD patients vs. 84 controls) a 4-fold increase in α-synuclein, which in PD becomes toxic due to aggregation and phosphorylation [7,8]. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is Parkinson disease.