Enhanced response of Erk to transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) is also seen in prostate cancer cells, in response to PPARβ/δ-mediated activation of ABCA1 and caveolin-1, which results in TGF-β1-induced tumor growth, migration, and invasion [53]. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is prostate carcinoma.