The clinical successes of TZDs and fibrates have spurred extensive development of next-generation PPAR ligands (i.e., antagonist, dual- and pan-PPAR agonists) for various metabolic complications, ranging from pre-morbid conditions such as obesity to chronic morbidities such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and chronic kidney disease [6]. This evidence concerns the gene PPARA and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.