TNF and leukemia: NKG2D-DAP10-CD3ζ CAR transduction of NK cells increases NKG2D surface expression, infers more cytotoxicity against leukemia and solid tumor cell lines compared to mock-transduced cells, triggers secretion of IFN-γ, GM-CSF, IL-13, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, CCL5 and TNF-α, and induces a massive release of cytotoxic granules, which persist after 48 hours of continuous stimulation [120].