Thus, it is apparent that NF-κB signaling, the ability to defend against infection, and longevity are interconnected in Drosophila. The importance of NF-κB signaling at older age from the Fabian et al., [46] study is in support of earlier findings showing that RelE20 and RelE38 Relish null mutations completely eliminate the improved ability of flies over-expressing the intracellular receptor PGRP-LE to defend against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) infection [48]. The gene discussed is NFKB1; the disease is infection.