The same oral sorbent, AST-120, was also demonstrated to reduce PWV and increase flow-mediated endothelium-dependent dilatation in patients with CKD not undergoing dialysis; the underlying mechanism included the inhibition of NADPH oxidase and/or mitochondrial respiration, leading to reduced production of reactive oxygen species [33,37,38]. The gene discussed is FMO5; the disease is chronic kidney disease.