With recent studies showing safety for the combination of BEMPEG and anti-CTLA-4 or other ICIs in non-human primates (25) and humans with metastatic solid tumors (23), our findings highlight the exciting translational potential for testing the capacity of this treatment combination to improve the cure rates for patients receiving locally directed treatments for early-stage NSCLC and potentially other localized cancers with high-risk for occult metastatic disease. This evidence concerns the gene CTLA4 and metastatic neoplasm.