ATF3 and hepatocellular carcinoma: Further, mechanistic studies showed that inhibition of lipid desaturation resulted in activation of ER stress signaling pathways, such as the expression of the transcription suppressor, cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor 3 (ATF3), which reversibly regulates MYCN gene expression in high MYCN-expressing CSC-like HCC cells, CSC-rich spheroids, and in clinical HCC tissues (56).