Also, we found no association between a low CD4/CD8 ratio of <0.4 or 0.4-1.0 when compared to CD4/CD8 ratio > 1 and emphysema (aOR: 1.59 [95%CI: 0.76-3.34], p=0.216) and (aOR: 1.12 [95%CI: 0.71-1.76], p=0.625), respectively. Here, CD4 is linked to pulmonary emphysema.