PLWH with emphysema had higher concentrations of TNFα (median (IQR): 8.2 (6.4-9.8) versus 7.1 (5.7-8.6) pg/ml, p<0.001), IL-1β (median (IQR): 0.21 (0.1-0.4) versus 0.17 (0.1-0.3) pg/ml, p=0.004) and IL-6 (median (IQR): 3.6 (2.6-4.9) versus 3.1 (2.0-4.3) pg/ml, p=0.023) than PLWH without emphysema (Figure 1). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and pulmonary emphysema.