PY enhances anti-inflammatory response in HIV-1-infected patients by reducing T cell proliferation and IFN-γ production and increases IL-4 and IL-10 expression (90).  It has a pro-eosinophilic effect through downregulation of IL-5, IL-13, and eotaxin in DSS-induced colitis. It also attenuates DSS-induced microbiota dysbiosis and improves epithelial integrity (91). Cholinergic modulation with PY induces greater recruitment of M2 macrophages and circulatory Treg cells soon after myocardial infarction in rats (92). Here, IL13 is linked to myocardial infarction.