IFNG and colitis: PY enhances anti-inflammatory response in HIV-1-infected patients by reducing T cell proliferation and IFN-γ production and increases IL-4 and IL-10 expression (90).  It has a pro-eosinophilic effect through downregulation of IL-5, IL-13, and eotaxin in DSS-induced colitis. It also attenuates DSS-induced microbiota dysbiosis and improves epithelial integrity (91). Cholinergic modulation with PY induces greater recruitment of M2 macrophages and circulatory Treg cells soon after myocardial infarction in rats (92).