TNF and Encephalopathy: HupA administration showed a reduction of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β in sepsis-associated encephalopathy. Increased expressions of ChAT and CHRM1 attributed to reduced neuronal apoptosis and septic symptoms relief (85, 86). HupA reduces proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-17) and chemokines in the EAE while increases anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10 (4).