IL1B and infection: Among these genes, interleukin-33 (IL-33), an alarmin binds to the heterodimeric receptor ST2 (IL-33R, IL1RL1), regulates the release of various proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-1β, and is part of the first line of defense in infection (21).