PELI1 and Glucose intolerance: Pellino-1 exacerbates glucose intolerance in obese mice through K63polyubiquitination of IRF5, promoting M1 macrophage polarization (106); the adverse proinflammatory skewing of innate immunity is further compounded by Pellino-1 inhibition of tolerogenic M2 macrophages by K63polyubiquitination of IRAK1 (111).