Indeed, in co-cultured RNA-stimulated pDCs and NK cells, IRAK4 inhibition reduced IL-6, CXCL8, CCL3, CCL4, TNF-α, and IFN-γ (140), whereas, raised expression of IRF5 (but not IRF3 or IRF7) in kupffer cells and neutrophils in experimental cholestatic jaundice correlated with increased IL-6, TLR4, TLR7, TLR9, HMGB1, CXCL8, and CCL2, with some evidence of steroid reversibility (141). This evidence concerns the gene TLR9 and obstructive jaundice.