CD4 and lupus nephritis: Altogether, these studies early on showed the pathogenic importance of tubulo-interstitial region infiltration in lupus nephritis kidneys by various inflammatory cells in addition to monocyte/macrophages; such as extrafollicular germinal center like accumulation of CD4 and CD8 T cells, and B cells and plasma cells to set up residence in organized perivascular foci, as well as Th17 cells; and importantly, this infiltration was inhibited by the histone peptide epitope tolerance therapy resulting in its beneficial effect (80, 108) (Figure 2).