As soon as they reach the lymphoid organs the peptides render APCs, especially pDC tolerogenic by inducing TGFβ and inhibiting IL-6, and consequently the peptide epitope presenting DC generate long-lasting Treg containing autoantigen-specific and cross-reactive autoantigen-directed Treg and Treg cells that suppress lupus (80, 108). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and systemic lupus erythematosus.