NOD2 and colitis: In fact, MDP activation of NOD2 reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine responses, such as the release of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-12/23p40, by colonic lamina propria APCs upon subsequent exposure to TLR and NOD1/NOD2 ligands, thereby inhibiting the development of colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) and trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) (Watanabe et al., 2008; Watanabe et al., 2014; Udden et al., 2017).