TNF and campylobacteriosis: Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α (Amasheh et al., 2010; Luettig et al., 2016) trigger dysregulation of TJ proteins as well as inducing apoptosis, and the mucosal cytokine storm is prominent in the pathogenesis of campylobacteriosis (Al-Salloom et al., 2003; Edwards et al., 2010; Bücker et al., 2018).