TLR4 and neoplasm: The binding of polysaccharides to specific receptors [Toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4), scavenger receptor (SR), etc.] on DCs and macrophages promotes their activation and maturation, enhances the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, stimulating polarization to Th1, induces the activation of antigen-specific CD8+ CTLs, and improves the immunosuppressive state of the tumor microenvironment (Liu et al., 2016).