Future studies of particular interest include an outcomes investigation and cohort sampling to determine the association between alpha-gal IgE, early valve degradation, and accelerated coronary artery disease following bioprosthetic valve replacement; prospective preoperative alpha-gal IgE testing to discover the prevalence of AGS for patients undergoing surgery; and animal studies comparing decellularized WT and GGTA1−/− porcine valve function in nonhuman primates before and after alpha-gal IgE sensitization through variable tick toxin exposure. The gene discussed is GGTA1; the disease is coronary artery disorder.