HIF1A and Hepatic fibrosis: Therefore, hypoxia up-regulates the expression of HIF-1α and NF-kappaB to activate its downstream target genes, thereby stimulating the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), inducing angiogenesis, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), mediating chronic inflammation and genetic modification, which are involved in the occurrence and development of liver fibrosis.