HPSE and cancer: For example, Tff3 (Ahmed et al., 2012; Pandey et al., 2014), Hpse (Liu et al., 2019), Slit1 (Gara et al., 2015), Spon1 (Chang et al., 2015), Spock1, and Spock3 (Chen et al., 2016) are associated with increased cancer cell invasion and were upregulated in Rreb1-/-, and Selenbp1 (Caswell et al., 2018; Schott et al., 2018) and Serpin6b (Chou et al., 2012) are tumor suppressor genes that were downregulated.