Thus, while IL-1 or IL-18 contribute to the development of infection-induced, microbiome-dependent immune mediated pathology in the gut, there is limited evidence that loss of IL-1 or IL-18 leads to increased parasite replication (Hitziger et al., 2005; LaRosa et al., 2008; Melchor et al., 2020; Vossenkämper et al., 2004; Mordue et al., 2001; Struck et al., 2012; Muñoz et al., 2015; Villeret et al., 2013). This evidence concerns the gene IL1A and infection.