GFAP and brain ischemia: In the early stage of inflammation, during cerebral ischemia, microglia (ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1, Iba-1) and astrocyte (glial fibrillary acidic protein, GFAP) are activated and adhesion molecules (such as intracellular adhesion molecule-1, ICAM-1) are located on cell surface to assist cells sticking to the vascular endothelium; then, chemokines and cytokines cross the wall of activated blood vessels to reach the ischemic penumbra (Tuttolomondo et al., 2011; Wang Y. et al., 2013; Li et al., 2016).