GPC1 and cerebral cavernous malformation: As expected, exposure of PC-3 cells with CCM isolated from HS-5 cells in which GPC-1 was inhibited significantly increased the level of mRNA for N-Cad, ZEB2, CXCR4 and MMP9 after 24 h, as compared to those cells exposed to CCM isolated from control HS-5 cells (Fig. 5E).