TRIM38 and infection: Instead of regulating cGAS ubiquitination, at the resting state or early infection stages, TRIM38 maintains SUMOylation at Lys217 and Lys464 residues in mcGAS (corresponding to Lys231 and Lys479 in hcGAS), which prevents K48-linked cGAS polyubiquitination that directs cGAS for protein destruction.108 Thus, through stabilizing cGAS proteins, TRIM38 ensures cGAS availability in responding to DNA viral infection.