HMGB1 and infection: Indeed, this study found that higher inflammatory biomarkers such as sRAGE and HMGB-1 were associated with unfavorable outcomes among patients exposed to hyperoxemia: sRAGE is a central cell surface receptor for HMGB-1, and both sRAGE and HMGB-1 are involved in the host response to injury, infection, and inflammation [39, 40].