The authors performed structure-based biochemical analyses to show that SopA inhibited the TRIM56 E3 ligase activity by occluding the E2-interacting surface of TRIM56, and further showed that SopA ubiquinates TRIM56 and TRIM65 resulting in their proteasomal degradation during infection, thus disrupting the host immune response to S. typhimurium infection. This evidence concerns the gene TRIM56 and infection.