TNF and Wilson disease: Butyrate also participates in immune modulation reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-8, interferon [INF]-γ and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α) and stimulating the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-10 and IL-12) generally decreased in patients with a WD and a reduction of dietary fibers [65,66].